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A sentence can take any one of four forms: - a statement; - a question; - a command; - an exclamation:

Adverbial clauses of reason answer the question "Why?"

Co-ordination is one of the methods for combining two or more complete sentences but it also shows the proper relationship between similar or related ideas

In a complex sentence there is one "main" idea and one or more "subordinate" ideas

In formal English, "whom" is sometimes used instead of "who" as the object of a non-defining relative clause

In written or formal English, if the subjects of the main clause and the time clause are the same, you sometimes omit the subject in the time clause and use a participle as the verb

Inversion can take place after negative adverbials

Some verbs never take an object

Subjects joined by both ... and always take a singular verb

The meaning of an English sentence depends on the word order

There is one kind of clauses in English: dependent ones

We can use the past participle instead of the passive to join two sentences

When connecting two complete sentences, we use a comma after the first sentence

When there are two auxiliary verbs, neither is after the first one

I didn't need to...= it was not necessary for me to... (and / knew this at the time)

In English Infinitive has 16 forms

In English there are 12 forms of infinitives

In questions and negative sentences with have to, we normally use do/does/did

In their primary function, modals closely reflect the meanings often given first in the dictionaries

Infinitives are always used with to

Instead of needn't you can use don't/doesn't need to

Modals can be arranged on a scale from the greatest uncertainty (might) to the greatest certainty (must)

Mustn't and don't have to are completely different

Nine of the modal auxiliaries (not shall) can be used to express the degree of certainty (uncertainty) a speaker feels about a possibility

Should is not as strong as must

To offer to do something, we sometimes use Can/...

Verbs like can and may are called modal auxiliaries, but we often refer to them simply as modal verbs or modals

We use modals when we are concerned with our relationship with someone else

Wheather + infinitive can be used similarly after want to know, wonder

When the thought concerns a previous action we use the perfect infinitive

You can use 'have got to' instead of 'have to'

You must do something' means it is necessary that you do it

You should do something = it is a good thing to do or the right thing to do

"To approve of..." means "to think something is good"

"To be away..." means "to have gone somewhere else"

"To break through..." means "to penetrate using force"

"To burst out (laughing)..." means "to suddenly start (laughihg)"

"To camp out..." means "to sleep outside in a tent"

"To get around (of news)..." means "to be known everywhere"

"To get together..." means "to assemble"

"To go down..." means "to get smaller, decrease"

"To go on..." means "to stop"

"To put up..." means "to increase"

A phrasal verb is a verb plus one or two particles

In a few cases two different nouns are formed from different meanings of the same phrasal verb

Nouns of all three types are stressed on the first element

Nouns of the type (breakdown) may be written as one word or be hyphenated

Phrasal verbs can form nouns

There are 5 types of phrasal verbs

Very often the particle comes immediately after the verb, but this is not always true