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?) by the manor houses and merchant and craft guilds, which assumed as part of their duties and responsibilities

?) the care of the sick and the destitute

?) the earliest social welfare services in Britain were provided by various religious orders, augmented in medieval times

?) the decay of the feudal system and

?) the dissolution of the monasteries

?) this practice fell into disuse with

?) some substitute for the old system

?) by the end of the sixteenth

?) century it had become imperative to find

?) in 1601, therefore, the Poor Relief Act

?) Wales the duty to provide from local taxation for the sick, the needy, and the homeless

?) gave local government authorities in England and

?) some steps to control water

?) local authorities also began to take

?) supplies and to try to check epidemics

?) in the eighteenth and

?) medical services developed

?) nineteenth centuries British

?) advanced and the number of

?) qualified doctors greatly increased

?) medical science

?) hospitals were built with private endowments

?) and subscriptions and were made increasingly

?) available on a charitable basis to the general population, while free 'infirmaries' were provided under the Poor Law for the destitute, aged and infirm

?) in Britain, if you are ill you

?) or you can pay for private treatment

?) can receive free treatment on the National Health Service (NHS)

?) century working people of modest means began increasingly to insure against periods of illness by subscribing to provident

?) from the middle of the nineteenth

?) and friendly societies and sick clubs

?) medical practitioners would at

?) many public-spirited

?) that time remit all or most of their fees to the poor

?) public provision for the care of the sick

?) public measures to promote healthier living

?) conditions, however, preceded adequate

?) first half of the nineteenth century caused an

?) intensification of sanitary problems with consequent cholera, typhoid and other epidemics

?) rapid growth of towns in the

?) a programme of sanitary reform, associated particularly with Edwin Chadwick (1800-90), Secretary to the Poor Law Commission, led to

?) laid down minimum standards for its services

?) the passage of the Public Health Act 1848 which, for the first time, established a comprehensive public health system under unified control and

?) consolidated by the Public Health Act 1875,

?) the system was further developed and

?) upon which all subsequent health legislation has been based

?) for personal health services began to improve

?) in the twentieth century the provision

?) rapidly as the result of the progress of medical knowledge and the wider availability of treatment

?) the National Health Insurance Act 1911 introduced a scheme whereby all people earning wages less than £160 a year (later raised to £420)

?) a general practitioner in return for regular contributions made by themselves and their employers to certain insurance organisations, known as approved societies

?) were entitled to the services of

?) had asked to be on their list and been accepted

?) capitation fee for the patients who

?) the doctors who took part were paid a

?) or on a certain number of voluntary sick

?) this scheme came to cover most

?) of the poorer half of the population while the rest were dependent for their medical care either on paying fees as private patients,

?) expanded their free services for the poor with

?) at the same time the voluntary hospitals

?) the aid of voluntary donations and contributions and the fees of other patients

?) began to develop into local

?) after 1929 the Poor Law Infirmaries

?) authority general hospitals

?) to provide improved social and health

?) services, mainly for schools, mothers and children

?) some local authorities began

?) were unevenly distributed and

?) these various health services, however,

?) were seen to be inadequate

?) the inter-war years; it was, however, the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters

?) troposals for a full health and medical

?) service were the subject of many reports in

?) Emergency Hospital Service, including both

?) voluntary and municipal hospitals, was developed within existing organisations as required

?) to deal with the war wounded, the

?) the welfare food service for mothers was introduced

?) industrial canteens were expanded

?) and school meals services and

?) in 1941 an inter-departmental committee was

?) and to make recommendations on the way that social services should be reconstructed after the end of the war

?) set up under Sir William (later Lord) Beveridge to conduct a survey of the existing national schemes of social insurance and allied services

?) as the Beveridge Report, was published in 1942;

?) the committee's report, known

?) it recommended far-reaching changes involving a considerable extension of both the health and social security services and formed the basis of much post-war social legislation

?) announced its acceptance of the proposal in

?) in 1943 the wartime all-party Government

?) the Beveridge Report that a comprehensive health service for all purposes and all people should be established

?) the first plan for a comprehensive

?) national health service was

?) published by the Government in 1944

?) the National Health Service Act 1946,

?) and the National Health Service started on 5 July 1948

?) the final plan was embodied in

?) hospital service for the community,

?) this provided a complete general practitioner and

?) and expanded the preventive social and environmental services provided by local authorities

?) had paid contributions and their dependants, and to pensioners

?) developed compulsory health insurance schemes, but under them rights to health care were generally confined to those who

?) many other countries had

?) free medical care was entirely new

?) the principle of

?) universal coverage for

?) was set up in 1948 and was designed to provide

?) equal basic health care, free of charge, for everybody in the country

?) the British National Health Service (NHS)

?) although it is administered by local health authorities

?) directly responsible for the NHS

?) nowadays central government is

?) of the health service is paid for by general

?) about 83 per cent of the cost

?) taxation and the rest is met from the National Insurance contributions paid by those in work

?) children, pregnant women, pensioners, and those on Income Support, are exempt from payment

?) dental care but many people, such as

?) there are charges for prescriptions and

?) with a local doctor (a GP, or General Practitioner)

?) most people are registered

?) who is increasingly likely to be part of a health centre which serves the community

?) as the population of Britain gets older,

?) ever before, although patients spend less time in hospital

?) the hospital service now treats more patients than

?) were built in the nineteenth century - provide

?) nearly half a million beds and have over 480,000 medical staff

?) NHS hospitals - many of which

?) in Europe although Britain actually

?) the NHS is the biggest employer

?) spends less per person on health care than most of her European neighbours

?) an increased emphasis on managerial efficiency and the privatisation of some services (for example, cleaning)

?) during the 1980s there was considerable

?) restructuring of the Health Service with

?) in the 1990s a number of NHS

?) a 'market' for patients who were referred to hospitals for treatment

?) reforms were introduced by the Conservative and Labour governments including self-management of hospitals and