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?) the care of the sick and the destitute

?) the earliest social welfare services in Britain were provided by various religious orders, augmented in medieval times

?) by the manor houses and merchant and craft guilds, which assumed as part of their duties and responsibilities

?) the dissolution of the monasteries

?) this practice fell into disuse with

?) the decay of the feudal system and

?) by the end of the sixteenth

?) some substitute for the old system

?) century it had become imperative to find

?) in 1601, therefore, the Poor Relief Act

?) Wales the duty to provide from local taxation for the sick, the needy, and the homeless

?) gave local government authorities in England and

?) local authorities also began to take

?) supplies and to try to check epidemics

?) some steps to control water

?) nineteenth centuries British

?) in the eighteenth and

?) medical services developed

?) qualified doctors greatly increased

?) advanced and the number of

?) medical science

?) hospitals were built with private endowments

?) available on a charitable basis to the general population, while free 'infirmaries' were provided under the Poor Law for the destitute, aged and infirm

?) and subscriptions and were made increasingly

?) can receive free treatment on the National Health Service (NHS)

?) in Britain, if you are ill you

?) or you can pay for private treatment

?) and friendly societies and sick clubs

?) century working people of modest means began increasingly to insure against periods of illness by subscribing to provident

?) from the middle of the nineteenth

?) many public-spirited

?) medical practitioners would at

?) that time remit all or most of their fees to the poor

?) conditions, however, preceded adequate

?) public measures to promote healthier living

?) public provision for the care of the sick

?) rapid growth of towns in the

?) intensification of sanitary problems with consequent cholera, typhoid and other epidemics

?) first half of the nineteenth century caused an

?) a programme of sanitary reform, associated particularly with Edwin Chadwick (1800-90), Secretary to the Poor Law Commission, led to

?) the passage of the Public Health Act 1848 which, for the first time, established a comprehensive public health system under unified control and

?) laid down minimum standards for its services

?) consolidated by the Public Health Act 1875,

?) the system was further developed and

?) upon which all subsequent health legislation has been based

?) for personal health services began to improve

?) rapidly as the result of the progress of medical knowledge and the wider availability of treatment

?) in the twentieth century the provision

?) the National Health Insurance Act 1911 introduced a scheme whereby all people earning wages less than £160 a year (later raised to £420)

?) a general practitioner in return for regular contributions made by themselves and their employers to certain insurance organisations, known as approved societies

?) were entitled to the services of

?) the doctors who took part were paid a

?) capitation fee for the patients who

?) had asked to be on their list and been accepted

?) of the poorer half of the population while the rest were dependent for their medical care either on paying fees as private patients,

?) or on a certain number of voluntary sick

?) this scheme came to cover most

?) the aid of voluntary donations and contributions and the fees of other patients

?) expanded their free services for the poor with

?) at the same time the voluntary hospitals

?) after 1929 the Poor Law Infirmaries

?) authority general hospitals

?) began to develop into local

?) services, mainly for schools, mothers and children

?) to provide improved social and health

?) some local authorities began

?) were seen to be inadequate

?) these various health services, however,

?) were unevenly distributed and

?) troposals for a full health and medical

?) the inter-war years; it was, however, the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters

?) service were the subject of many reports in

?) voluntary and municipal hospitals, was developed within existing organisations as required

?) Emergency Hospital Service, including both

?) to deal with the war wounded, the

?) and school meals services and

?) the welfare food service for mothers was introduced

?) industrial canteens were expanded

?) set up under Sir William (later Lord) Beveridge to conduct a survey of the existing national schemes of social insurance and allied services

?) and to make recommendations on the way that social services should be reconstructed after the end of the war

?) in 1941 an inter-departmental committee was

?) the committee's report, known

?) it recommended far-reaching changes involving a considerable extension of both the health and social security services and formed the basis of much post-war social legislation

?) as the Beveridge Report, was published in 1942;

?) in 1943 the wartime all-party Government

?) announced its acceptance of the proposal in

?) the Beveridge Report that a comprehensive health service for all purposes and all people should be established

?) national health service was

?) published by the Government in 1944

?) the first plan for a comprehensive

?) and the National Health Service started on 5 July 1948

?) the final plan was embodied in

?) the National Health Service Act 1946,

?) hospital service for the community,

?) and expanded the preventive social and environmental services provided by local authorities

?) this provided a complete general practitioner and

?) developed compulsory health insurance schemes, but under them rights to health care were generally confined to those who

?) had paid contributions and their dependants, and to pensioners

?) many other countries had

?) the principle of

?) universal coverage for

?) free medical care was entirely new

?) was set up in 1948 and was designed to provide

?) equal basic health care, free of charge, for everybody in the country

?) the British National Health Service (NHS)

?) although it is administered by local health authorities

?) directly responsible for the NHS

?) nowadays central government is

?) about 83 per cent of the cost

?) of the health service is paid for by general

?) taxation and the rest is met from the National Insurance contributions paid by those in work

?) dental care but many people, such as

?) children, pregnant women, pensioners, and those on Income Support, are exempt from payment

?) there are charges for prescriptions and

?) most people are registered

?) who is increasingly likely to be part of a health centre which serves the community

?) with a local doctor (a GP, or General Practitioner)

?) ever before, although patients spend less time in hospital

?) the hospital service now treats more patients than

?) as the population of Britain gets older,

?) nearly half a million beds and have over 480,000 medical staff

?) were built in the nineteenth century - provide

?) NHS hospitals - many of which

?) in Europe although Britain actually

?) the NHS is the biggest employer

?) spends less per person on health care than most of her European neighbours

?) during the 1980s there was considerable

?) an increased emphasis on managerial efficiency and the privatisation of some services (for example, cleaning)

?) restructuring of the Health Service with

?) in the 1990s a number of NHS

?) a 'market' for patients who were referred to hospitals for treatment

?) reforms were introduced by the Conservative and Labour governments including self-management of hospitals and