Список вопросов базы знаний

Farmers (in Ethiopia) are to be given greater freedom to sell any additional surplus to the highest bidder, and the Government plans to establish a system of licensed free-market traders in order to move crops from the areas of surplus to drought-affected regions more easily.

глагол

Farmers (in Ethiopia) are to be given greater freedom to sell any additional surplus to the highest bidder, and the Government plans to establish a system of licensed free-market traders in order to move crops from the areas of surplus to drought-affected regions more easily.

прилагательное

Farmers (in Ethiopia) are to be given greater freedom to sell any additional surplus to the highest bidder, and the Government plans to establish a system of licensed free-market traders in order to move crops from the areas of surplus to drought-affected regions more easily.

существительное

I walked towards Pevensey (Pevensey Bay being the spot where William landed his army in 1066) and decided that anyone who came ashore at Gooden Beach would find himself face to face with the quintessential England – not just coastal, seaside holiday, retirement England, but secretive, rose-growing, dog-loving, window-washing, church-going, law-abiding, grumpy, library-using, tea-drinking, fussy and inflexible England.

глагол

I walked towards Pevensey (Pevensey Bay being the spot where William landed his army in 1066) and decided that anyone who came ashore at Gooden Beach would find himself face to face with the quintessential England – not just coastal, seaside holiday, retirement England, but secretive, rose-growing, dog-loving, window-washing, church-going, law-abiding, grumpy, library-using, tea-drinking, fussy and inflexible England.

прилагательное

I walked towards Pevensey (Pevensey Bay being the spot where William landed his army in 1066) and decided that anyone who came ashore at Gooden Beach would find himself face to face with the quintessential England – not just coastal, seaside holiday, retirement England, but secretive, rose-growing, dog-loving, window-washing, church-going, law-abiding, grumpy, library-using, tea-drinking, fussy and inflexible England.

существительное

It has long been noticed that people differ very much in their capacity to handle words and this is not necessarily related to their intelligence.

причастие

It has long been noticed that people differ very much in their capacity to handle words and this is not necessarily related to their intelligence.

наречие

It has long been noticed that people differ very much in their capacity to handle words and this is not necessarily related to their intelligence.

глагол

The Venice-Simplon Orient-Express is one of the world’s great railways – not only does it get there, but it does it in style.

существительное

The Venice-Simplon Orient-Express is one of the world’s great railways – not only does it get there, but it does it in style.

глагол

The Venice-Simplon Orient-Express is one of the world’s great railways – not only does it get there, but it does it in style.

прилагательное

Despite his gratitude for his friendly reception there, Freud did not go away with a very favourable impression of America.

прилагательное

Despite his gratitude for his friendly reception there, Freud did not go away with a very favourable impression of America.

предлог

Despite his gratitude for his friendly reception there, Freud did not go away with a very favourable impression of America.

глагол

Such prejudices were very apt to last with him, and this one never entirely disappeared; it was years before close contact with Americans visiting Vienna even softened it.

прилагательное

Such prejudices were very apt to last with him, and this one never entirely disappeared; it was years before close contact with Americans visiting Vienna even softened it.

существительное

Such prejudices were very apt to last with him, and this one never entirely disappeared; it was years before close contact with Americans visiting Vienna even softened it.

глагол

By the time we had driven back to Alice Springs, our car could go no further.

глагол

By the time we had driven back to Alice Springs, our car could go no further.

причастие

By the time we had driven back to Alice Springs, our car could go no further.

существительное

They do not try to tame its animals or to cultivate its sands, but to them it yields enough to keep a man’s soul in his body.

существительное

They do not try to tame its animals or to cultivate its sands, but to them it yields enough to keep a man’s soul in his body.

местоимение

They do not try to tame its animals or to cultivate its sands, but to them it yields enough to keep a man’s soul in his body.

глагол

Its rocks and its water-holes are the creations of their gods and their walkabouts through it become pilgrimages.

артикль

Its rocks and its water-holes are the creations of their gods and their walkabouts through it become pilgrimages.

глагол

Its rocks and its water-holes are the creations of their gods and their walkabouts through it become pilgrimages.

существительное

Perhaps no one else can ever understand it as they do, accepting equally its beauty and brutality.

наречие

Perhaps no one else can ever understand it as they do, accepting equally its beauty and brutality.

глагол

Perhaps no one else can ever understand it as they do, accepting equally its beauty and brutality.

существительное

A GENE which may explain why some abused boys grow up into violent criminals while others stay on the right side of the law has been found by scientists.

прилагательное

A GENE which may explain why some abused boys grow up into violent criminals while others stay on the right side of the law has been found by scientists.

глагол

A GENE which may explain why some abused boys grow up into violent criminals while others stay on the right side of the law has been found by scientists.

причастие

Poor readers in particular may lack the ability to vary their manner of reading according to the type of reading matter and their intentions in reading it.

глагол

Poor readers in particular may lack the ability to vary their manner of reading according to the type of reading matter and their intentions in reading it.

прилагательное

Poor readers in particular may lack the ability to vary their manner of reading according to the type of reading matter and their intentions in reading it.

герундий

He may be able to skim a page, picking up a word or two here and there, and gain a general idea of what the text is about without really reading it.

наречие

He may be able to skim a page, picking up a word or two here and there, and gain a general idea of what the text is about without really reading it.

глагол

He may be able to skim a page, picking up a word or two here and there, and gain a general idea of what the text is about without really reading it.

числительное

If placed in the water, human babies make reflex swimming movements which actually propel them forward.

глагол

If placed in the water, human babies make reflex swimming movements which actually propel them forward.

наречие

If placed in the water, human babies make reflex swimming movements which actually propel them forward.

причастие

Toxic fumes create a film over the eyes, so that a passenger cannot see to escape from a burning plane.

существительное

Toxic fumes create a film over the eyes, so that a passenger cannot see to escape from a burning plane.

глагол

Toxic fumes create a film over the eyes, so that a passenger cannot see to escape from a burning plane.

предлог

Nowadays there is an activity in several cities including New York known as ‘rubbling’.

наречие

Nowadays there is an activity in several cities including New York known as ‘rubbling’.

артикль

Nowadays there is an activity in several cities including New York known as ‘rubbling’.

предлог

By the time we had driven back to Alice Springs, our car could

to London overdue.

Racked and pounded by the desert, it could not tackle another

thousand miles back to Darwin.

Our journey was at an end, our return

go no further.

We left it in a

garage to be sent back to Darwin on a land-train.

Below us lay the Northern Territory, the Stuart Highway

fly back.

We ourselves had to

a thin line scratched on its surface.

Planters and pastoralists had tried

to dominate it and had failed.

Prospectors had died trying to rifle

it of its minerals.

Men had given their lives trying to

explore this country.

Unlike the white man, they make no

traditional manner can survive in it unaided.

Jack Mulholland and the other men at Borroloola had come

to hide themselves in its loneliness.

But only the aborigines living in their

attempt to dominate it.

They do not try to tame its animals or to cultivate its sands,

aborigines worship it.

Its rocks and its water-holes are the creations of their gods and

but to them it yields enough to keep a man’s soul in his body.

In return, the

their walkabouts through it become pilgrimages.

Perhaps no one else can ever understand it

modify the toxins so that they kill only cancer cells.

It would be a good idea if we could

as they do, accepting equally its beauty and brutality.

The administration of active toxins to an animal or person will

probably produce adverse side effects because the poison kills normal cells as well.

One way is to attach these toxins to substances

the substance that induced their formation.

Antibodies combine specifically with

response to a foreign substance, or antigen.

Antibodies are protein molecules produced by animals, in

called antibodies, which react specifically with tumour cells to produce ‘immunotoxins’.

In this case, specific active molecules on the surface of the cancer cells ___ the formation of antibodies.

seek out

Therefore, in theory, the immunotoxin will selectively ___ and kill the tumour cell.

are willing

Nearly two thirds of German workers ___ to take a pay cut in return for guarantees that their jobs are safe.

trigger

The findings are extraordinary given that German workers are protected by ___ the Continent’s stiffest employment laws.

wages for

With 3.95 million people out of work and the economic outlook ___, workers feel more insecure than ever, and would sacrifice income in return for security, according to a poll conducted by the Forsa research group.

some of

Of those questioned, 62 per cent said that they would exchange ___ a guaranteed job: 18 per cent said that they would give up 5 per cent of their gross pay, 30 per cent would give up to 10 per cent and 4 per cent would give up 20 per cent.

bleak

The news is particularly grim for the ___, Gerhard Schrцder, less than two months before a general election being fought principally on the country’s economic prospects.

companies

They are represented on the boards of ___ big and small and are, virtually, fireproof.

Chancellor

Voters are acutely aware of his failure to honour a ___ to cut unemployment substantially when he came to power in 1998.

pledge

Translation implies that we have the capacity to enter into the mind, the world, and the ___ or writers and that we can express their thought in a manner that is not only parallel to the original, but also acceptable to the target language.

culture of the speakers

The fact that we are able to produce an equivalent in English for ___ in a foreign language text does not mean that we can give an adequate translation of the text.

language

Nearly all___ is translatable.

every word

Even abstruse poetry can often be made as intelligible in ___ as it is in the original; while cultural references, proverbs, idioms, and jokes can at be replaced least ___ by equivalents which carry a message that is conceptually identical in both languages.

auditorium

The main ___ will accommodate 1300 delegates, but sliding dividing walls will enable the area to be divided into three, with seating for 300, 600, and 400 people.

another language

This development will provide an ___ to build a new entrance at the rear of the Caledonian Hotel.

opportunity

In the first part of this article, we shall be ___ briefly with the four general proposals.

detailed

Four architectural firms of international standing (from England, Italy, France, and Finland) were invited by the Government of Kuwait to submit proposals for the ___ of a city which had largely disappeared with the oil boom.

reconstruction

The general proposals, which covered the city as a whole, were followed by ___ proposals in the farm of demonstration buildings.

dealing

These principles were ___ architectural.

be built

The main task of the four groups of architects was to try ___ which might guide the development of the future city.

to establish principles

They were concerned with the kind of city that might ___ for this changing culture and this particular climate.

in essence

All four architects stressed the value of the waterfront as a ___ for the city and thought that a traffic road at this point should be avoided.

intensity

Each scheme had special characteristics and made differing assumptions about the ___ of development within the city, but the four also showed some common points of agreement.

recreational area

The architects were entirely free to develop their own individual ideas but for the purpose of ___ all proposals were drawn to the same scale and statistics were presented on a comparable basis.

comparison

In their attempt to find models, writers turned to ancient masters,

seeing in imitation a means of instruction.

Descartes’ (1596-1650) attempts to formulate a method of inductive reasoning

the gap between traditional Christian Humanism and science had all led to radical changes in the theory of literature and hence to the role of translation.

By the mid-seventeenth century the effects of the Counter-Reformation, the conflict between absolute monarchy and the developing Parliamentary system, and the widening of

were mirrored in the preoccupation of literary critics to formulate rules of aesthetic production.

Translation of the classics increased considerably in France between 1625 and 1660, the great age of

turn enthusiastically translated into English.

French writers and theorists were in

French classicism and of the flowering of French theatre based on the Aristotelian unities.

The emphasis on rules and models in Augustan England did not

mean, however, that art was perceived as a merely imitative skill.

He sees it as the translator’s duty to his source text to extract what he perceives as the essential core of

the work and to reproduce or recreate the work in the target language.

Art was the ordering in a harmonious and elegant manner

of Nature, the inborn ability that transcended definition and yet prescribed the finished form.

Underlying Dryden’s and Pope’s concept of translation is another element, beyond the problem of the debate between overfaithfulness

and looseness: the whole question of the moral duty of the translator to his contemporary reader.

To exemplify the particular approach Pope brought to his version of Homer,

phases are recurrent all may be found taking place within the same language system at the same time.

Goethe (1749-1832) argued that every literature must pass through three phases of translation, although as the

but underwent a series of significant changes as the search to codify and describe the processes of literary creation altered.

The eighteenth-century concept of the translator as painter or imitator with a moral duty both to his original subject and to his receiver was widespread,

compare the following passage to Chapman’s version of an episode from Book 22 of The Iliad.

The first epoch ‘acquaints us with foreign countries

on our own terms’, and Goethe cites Luther’s German Bible as an example of this tendency.

The third mode, which he considers the highest, is one which aims for perfect identity between the SL text and the TL text, and the achieving of this mode must be through the creation of a new

‘manner’ which fuses the uniqueness of the original with a new form and structure. Goethe cites the work of Voss, who translated Homer, as an example of a translator who had achieved this prized third level.

The second mode is that of appropriation through substitution and reproduction, where the translator absorbs the sense of a foreign work but reproduces it in his own terms, and here Goethe cites

Wieland and the French tradition of translating (a tradition much disparaged by German theorists).

The problem with such an approach is

that it is moving dangerously close to a theory of untranslatability.

Goethe is arguing for both a new concept of ‘originality’ in translation,

together with a vision of universal deep structures that the translator should strive to meet.

Tytler reacts against Dryden’s influence, maintaining that the concept of ‘paraphrase’ had

led to exaggeratedly loose translations, although he agrees that part of the translator’s duty is to clarify obscurities in the original, even where this entails omission or addition.

He uses the standard eighteenth-century comparison of the translator/painter,

soul or nature of the work of art.

The translator must strive to ‘adopt the very soul of his

author, which must speak through his own organs’.

Translation theory from Dryden to Tytler, then, is concerned with the problem of recreating an essential spirit,

but with a difference, arguing that the translator cannot use the same colours as the original, but is nevertheless required to give his picture ‘the same force and effect’.

Antibodies combine specifically with

cancer cells trigger the formation of antibodies.

Antibodies are protein molecules produced by animals,

the substance that induced their formation.

In this case, specific active molecules on the surface of the

in response to a foreign substance, or antigen.

Surveys first carried out 77 years ago by the environmentalist Max Nicholson found

2,603 of the birds inside the park in 1925, 885 in 1948 and in 1995.

Decline of house sparrows in cities is epitomized by

when he was 96, found that there were eight left.

The same census, carried out by the same man two years ago

their disappearance from Kensington gardens in London.

Yesterday, in an unscientific census, not a ___ could be spotted among the park’s bushes, flowers and hedgerows.

blackbirds

There were tits, thrushes, ___ and an abundance of pigeons.

single sparrow

There were also plenty of squirrels and tourists –

but not a single chirping sparrow.