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?) the first Girl Scout troop in the United States was formed in 1912 by Juliette Gordon Low

?) set up for the Girl Guides.

?) of Savannah, Ga., and followed the pattern

?) aims and activities are

?) substantially the same in all countries

?) in which the movement is organized

?) try to develop their skills by earning proficiency badges in a wide variety of activities

?) the girls promise to follow a code

?) of behaviour; undertake community service projects; and

?) (ages 5–6), Brownies (6–8), Juniors (8–11),

?) in the United States there are five age groups: Daisies

?) Cadettes (11–14), and Seniors (14–17)

?) symbol is a golden

?) trefoil

?) the organization's

?) the founder of modern recreational

?) camping was Thomas Hiram Holding,

?) who wrote the first Campers Handbook (1908)

?) the United States in a wagon train, covering 1,200 miles with a company of 300

?) his urgeto camp derived from

?) his experiences as a boy–in 1853 he crossed the prairies of

?) cruise in the Highlands of Scotland, and he made a similar cruise the next year

?) the earliest vehicle of the recreational camper, on a

?) in 1877 he camped with a canoe,

?) as his camping vehicle and wrote

?) later he used a bicycle

?) Cycle and Camp (1898)

?) camping club in the world, the

?) Holding founded the first

?) Association of Cycle Campers, in 1901

?) by 1907 it had merged with

?) Club of Great Britain and Ireland, of which it is still a flourishing part

?) a number of other clubs to form the Camping

?) famous Antarctic explorer, became

?) the first president of the Camping Club in 1909

?) captain Robert Falcon Scott, the

?) the Boy Scout movement, became president, and the Camping Club of Great Britain and Ireland fostered the establishment of camping organizations

?) after World War I Sir Robert Baden-Powell, founder of

?) in a number of western European countries

?) and the first international camp and congress was held in 1933

?) in 1932, again on British initiative, steps were

?) taken to establish the Fédération Internationale de Camping et de Caravanning (FICC),

?) International Rally (as it is now called) has been held

?) except during World War II, this

?) every year since, usually in different countries of western Europe, although it was held in Israel in 1964 and in Hungary in 1966

?) traveling on foot, on horseback,or by canoe; but there was no organized camping

?) in the wilderness for recreation from the early 1870s,

?) in North America individuals camped

?) campers for a long time, but the organization of campers on a large scale developed after World War II

?) Adirondack Mountain Club (founded1922), the Appalachian Mountain Club (1876), and the Sierra Club (1892), have catered, in part, to

?) many organizations, such as the

?) the North American Family Campers Association

?) the majority of organized campers belong to local clubs, but

?) there are two large-scale national organizations: the National Campers and Hikers Association (NCHA; 1954) and

?) the NCHA has groups or chapters all

?) over North America, and its biggest activity is its annual “campvention,” a meeting of campers from all over North America

?) that has attracted as many as 30,000 people

?) chapters throughout the United States

?) Association (1957) has over 50

?) the North American Family Campers

?) that affiliated with the FICC in 1953, took on a new title, the

?) the Camping Club of Canada, a national organization

?) Canadian Federation of Camping and Caravanning, in 1965.

?) individual camping is widely

?) practiced in Australia and New Zealand, but

?) organized facilities are relatively few

?) and a number of camping clubs

?) several hundred campsites

?) in South Africa there are

?) the most recently formed clubs

?) are in Sri Lanka and the West Indies, further

?) indications of the wide spread of recreational camping

?) in the United States in 1861 with a boys' camp, run by Frederick William Gunn and his wife at Milford-on-the-Sound, for students of the

?) organized camping of another kind started

?) Gunnery School for Boys in Washington, Conn

?) 18 successive years

?) its success was immediate

?) and was repeated for

?) to develop

?) other similar

?) camps began

?) a private camp was established

?) in 1876 by Joseph Trimble Rothrock, and a church camp was started at Gardners Island, R.I.,

?) in 1880 by the Reverend George W. Hinckley

?) Summer F. Dudley

?) in existence, was founded in 1885 by

?) Camp Dudley, a YMCA camp still

?) established by Luther Halsey Gulick and his

?) the first girls' camp was

?) wife on the Thames River in Connecticut in 1888

?) camping as a major part of the program, as emphasized by Baden-Powell

?) was formed in 1910 by Ernest Thompson Seton, it incorporated

?) when the Boy Scouts of America

?) Girls (U.S., 1910), and the Girl Scouts (U.S., 1912; patterned after the Girl Guides)

?) found in the Girl Guides (founded in Great Britain in 1910), the Camp Fire Boys and

?) similar emphasis on camping was to be

?) also undertook camp development as an important part of their activities

?) most other organizations concerned with young people, such as the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the Young Women's

?) Christian Association (YWCA), the Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA), the Boys Clubs of America, the Girls Clubs of America, and 4-H Clubs,

?) Youth America Movement is a philosophical,

?) the United States during the mid-1840s and early 1850s

?) economic, spiritual, and political concept in vogue in

?) flowered a decade later in the United States

?) youth movements of the 1830s, Young America

?) taking as its inspiration the European

?) Edwin de Leon and George Henry Evans

?) for free-market capitalism and expanded territorial boundaries, it first took concrete form in 1845 as a political organization under the leadership of

?) characterized by energy and enthusiasm

?) expansion of foreign markets, annexation of lands southward, and encouragement of republican movements abroad, Young America became a

?) espousing a credo of free trade,

?) faction within the Democratic Party early in the 1850s

?) chief spokesman, and the Democratic

?) Review was its organ

?) George Nicholas Sanders became its

?) unite disparate segments within the Democratic Party on the basis of its nationalistic program

?) torn by sectional controversy, Young America tried to

?) at a time when the nation was

?) accomplished little and faded quickly as the sectional strife became ever more divisive

?) group's champions in this regard, but Young America

?) Stephen A. Douglas was one of the

?) and the flagship act of Motown Records

?) pop-soul vocal group whose tremendous popularity with a broad audience made its members among the most successful performers of the 1960s

?) the Supremes are an American

?) Motown label's primary crossover act, they also helped

?) not only were the Supremes the

?) change the public image of African Americans during the civil rights era

?) pop-soul swing given them by the songwriting-production team of Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland from 1964 to 1967,

?) with their sequined evening gowns and the sophisticated

?) the Supremes were the idealized look and sound of the “integrated Negro”

?) sold-out Las Vegas, Nevada, bookings

?) indeed, the youth of America learned many of its first lessons about racial equality from teen magazines that documented every

?) hyperglamourized move the Supremes made as they went from topping the pop chart to appearances on “The Ed Sullivan Show” to

?) when a group of working-class girls from Detroit's Brewster public housing project formed a singing group called the Primettes, their name

?) their story began humbly enough

?) derived from their sister-act association with the Primes, a forerunner of the Temptations

?) (including, initially, Betty McGlown), a quartet emerged

?) the details of the group's formation (namely, who came first) have been disputed, but, from a series of permutations of five principals

?) that comprised Ballard, Barbara Martin, Ross, and Wilson

?) after recording briefly with Lupine Records,

?) the quartet signed with Berry Gordy's

?) Motown Records in 1960

?) the first universities were established

?) the system of higher education had its

?) origin in Europe of the Middle Ages, when

?) One half

?) One

?) second

?) One third

?) Two

?) third