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The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

It would be hard to think of a subject which

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

has not got a library devoted especially to it.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

Throughout Britain there are festivals and centres of artistic activity –

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

among them the Edinburgh International Festival, the music festivals at Aldeburgh, Windsor and Cheltenham and opera at Glyndebourne.

Among novelists of worldwide reputation are Graham Greene, Angus Wilson

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

William Golding, Iris Murdoch and Muriel Spark.

In 1841 the London Library in St. James Square was founded –

whose influence has produced a new school of British opera.

Notable figures include sculptors Henry Moore and Anthony Caro, painters Francis Bacon and Graham Sutherland

a library of about 600,000 volumes, mainly devoted to the humanities and fine arts.

British music owes much to the composer Benjamin Britten,

open shelves and also the catalogues for the whole library.

In the Reading Room is a reference section of 30,000 volumes on

and, among younger artists, Richard Smith, Richard Hamilton, who painted the first "pop" picture.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

development of most major branches of science.

Technologically, the UK is also

amongst the world's leaders.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

development of most major branches of science.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

development of most major branches of science.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

He is also famous as the father of classical mechanics, formulated as his three laws and

and New Universities are catching up with Oxbridge.

In modern times, other institutions such as the Red Brick

as the co-inventor (with Gottfried Leibniz) of differential calculus.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued this

tradition of technical creativity.

During the 19th century, Russian and

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

Earlier contacts had occurred

between Americans and Russians.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

declared its independence from the British Empire and became a state.

The relations between the two states are usually considered to have begun in 1776, when the United States

American frontiers met in Alaska.

Russia had colonized

Alaska.

During the 19th century, Russian and

American frontiers met in Alaska.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

to the United States.

Russia had colonized

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

In 1900, Russia and America were

to the United States.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Alaska.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Manchuria at this time.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Qing Empire.

In 1900, Russia and America were

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

Russia had occupied

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

During the 19th century, Russian and

American frontiers met in Alaska.

Russia had colonized

Qing Empire.

In 1900, Russia and America were

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Alaska.

Earlier contacts had occurred

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

to the United States.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

between Americans and Russians.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Qing Empire.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

to the United States.

Earlier contacts had occurred

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

between Americans and Russians.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Qing Empire.

During the 19th century, Russian and

American frontiers met in Alaska.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Qing Empire.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

between Americans and Russians.

Earlier contacts had occurred

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

The Russian Civil War started in 1918, and the Americans aided

the anti-communists forces, however, they failed and the Soviet Union was established in 1922.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

During World War I, the United States

allied with Russia in 1917.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

were for a brief period, allies.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

During World War II the two countries

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

During World War II the two countries

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

were for a brief period, allies.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

The alliance of the United States, the United Kingdom,

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

When the United States joined the war in December 1941, $11,000,000,000

and the Soviet Union led to the defeat of Nazi Germany.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

in Lend Lease aid was allocated to the Soviet Union .

In 1867, Alaska was sold

to the United States.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

particularly the United States, which had established virtual economic and political primacy in Western Europe.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The end of World War II saw the resurfacing

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

The expansion of S.U. influence into Eastern Europe following Germany's defeat worried the liberal democracies of the west,

of previous divisions between the two nations.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

The Soviet Union detonated its first atomic weapon in 1949,

ending the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

During World War II the two countries

were for a brief period, allies.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

With its growing influence on Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union sought to counter this with the Comecon in 1949,

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

which essentially did the same thing, though was more an economic cooperation agreement instead of a clear plan to rebuild.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

but have recently become more tense.

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

new Cold War" may be imminent.

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

but have recently become more tense.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

new Cold War" may be imminent.

With the ending of Communism, relations

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

With the ending of Communism, relations

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In regard to international affairs,

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

Russia largely stayed on the sidelines during this period.

Public order and

stability deteriorated greatly.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

The United States and its Western European allies sought

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

degenerate

культурные связи

decadent

установить связь

to establish ties with

вырождающийся; вырождаться, перерастать (into - во что-л.); ухудшаться

cultural contact

декадентский, , упадочный

elitist

сильная связь, близкие отношения, тесный контакт

ruling elite

установить связь

close, intimate, strong ties

правящая элита

to establish ties with

человек, принадлежащий к элите

dominance

господство; влияние; преобладание

decline

падение, спад, упадок; конец

ruling elite

правящая элита

uprising

бунт, восстание, мятеж

a patron

запутывать, сбивать с толку

to confuse ( with )

покровитель, шеф; глава, заступник, руководитель

dominance ( in, over )

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

literary-minded city

господство; влияние; преобладание

lending and reference

изобразительное искусство

Guildhall

книги, выдаваемые на дом и справочники (справочная литература)

literary-minded city

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

fine arts

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

mother country

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

layout

метрополия (по отношению к колониям); отечество, отчизна, родина

Guildhall

разбрасывать

disperse

показ, выставка

curiosity shop

монастырь

cloister

разбрасывать

disperse

антикварный магазин, «Лавка древностей» (по одноименному роману Диккенса)

baffle

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

convivial

ныряние, погружение

plunge

отчужденный, равнодушный, надменный

baffle

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

aloof

праздничный, веселый