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The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

It would be hard to think of a subject which

has not got a library devoted especially to it.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

Throughout Britain there are festivals and centres of artistic activity –

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

Among novelists of worldwide reputation are Graham Greene, Angus Wilson

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

William Golding, Iris Murdoch and Muriel Spark.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

among them the Edinburgh International Festival, the music festivals at Aldeburgh, Windsor and Cheltenham and opera at Glyndebourne.

In the Reading Room is a reference section of 30,000 volumes on

a library of about 600,000 volumes, mainly devoted to the humanities and fine arts.

In 1841 the London Library in St. James Square was founded –

and, among younger artists, Richard Smith, Richard Hamilton, who painted the first "pop" picture.

British music owes much to the composer Benjamin Britten,

open shelves and also the catalogues for the whole library.

Notable figures include sculptors Henry Moore and Anthony Caro, painters Francis Bacon and Graham Sutherland

whose influence has produced a new school of British opera.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

amongst the world's leaders.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

development of most major branches of science.

Technologically, the UK is also

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

development of most major branches of science.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

this tradition of technical creativity.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

this tradition of technical creativity.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

development of most major branches of science.

He is also famous as the father of classical mechanics, formulated as his three laws and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued this

and New Universities are catching up with Oxbridge.

In modern times, other institutions such as the Red Brick

tradition of technical creativity.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

as the co-inventor (with Gottfried Leibniz) of differential calculus.

During the 19th century, Russian and

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

Earlier contacts had occurred

declared its independence from the British Empire and became a state.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

between Americans and Russians.

The relations between the two states are usually considered to have begun in 1776, when the United States

American frontiers met in Alaska.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

American frontiers met in Alaska.

Russia had colonized

to the United States.

During the 19th century, Russian and

Alaska.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Alaska.

Russia had colonized

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

In 1900, Russia and America were

to the United States.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

Russia had occupied

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Manchuria at this time.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Qing Empire.

During the 19th century, Russian and

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

In 1900, Russia and America were

American frontiers met in Alaska.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Alaska.

Russia had colonized

Qing Empire.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

to the United States.

Earlier contacts had occurred

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

between Americans and Russians.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Qing Empire.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

In 1900, Russia and America were

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

to the United States.

Earlier contacts had occurred

between Americans and Russians.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Qing Empire.

During the 19th century, Russian and

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

American frontiers met in Alaska.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

between Americans and Russians.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

Earlier contacts had occurred

Qing Empire.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

During World War I, the United States

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

The Russian Civil War started in 1918, and the Americans aided

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the anti-communists forces, however, they failed and the Soviet Union was established in 1922.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

allied with Russia in 1917.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

During World War II the two countries

were for a brief period, allies.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

were for a brief period, allies.

During World War II the two countries

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

When the United States joined the war in December 1941, $11,000,000,000

and the Soviet Union led to the defeat of Nazi Germany.

The alliance of the United States, the United Kingdom,

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

in Lend Lease aid was allocated to the Soviet Union .

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

to the United States.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

particularly the United States, which had established virtual economic and political primacy in Western Europe.

The end of World War II saw the resurfacing

of previous divisions between the two nations.

The expansion of S.U. influence into Eastern Europe following Germany's defeat worried the liberal democracies of the west,

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

The Soviet Union detonated its first atomic weapon in 1949,

ending the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

During World War II the two countries

were for a brief period, allies.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

With its growing influence on Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union sought to counter this with the Comecon in 1949,

which essentially did the same thing, though was more an economic cooperation agreement instead of a clear plan to rebuild.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

but have recently become more tense.

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

new Cold War" may be imminent.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

but have recently become more tense.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

new Cold War" may be imminent.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

With the ending of Communism, relations

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

With the ending of Communism, relations

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Public order and

stability deteriorated greatly.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

Russia largely stayed on the sidelines during this period.

In regard to international affairs,

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

decadent

вырождающийся; вырождаться, перерастать (into - во что-л.); ухудшаться

to establish ties with

культурные связи

degenerate

декадентский, , упадочный

cultural contact

установить связь

elitist

человек, принадлежащий к элите

close, intimate, strong ties

сильная связь, близкие отношения, тесный контакт

ruling elite

установить связь

to establish ties with

правящая элита

uprising

бунт, восстание, мятеж

ruling elite

падение, спад, упадок; конец

decline

господство; влияние; преобладание

dominance

правящая элита

a patron

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

to confuse ( with )

покровитель, шеф; глава, заступник, руководитель

literary-minded city

запутывать, сбивать с толку

dominance ( in, over )

господство; влияние; преобладание

fine arts

книги, выдаваемые на дом и справочники (справочная литература)

Guildhall

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

literary-minded city

изобразительное искусство

lending and reference

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

Guildhall

разбрасывать

mother country

метрополия (по отношению к колониям); отечество, отчизна, родина

disperse

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

layout

показ, выставка

disperse

разбрасывать

curiosity shop

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

cloister

антикварный магазин, «Лавка древностей» (по одноименному роману Диккенса)

baffle

монастырь

baffle

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

convivial

праздничный, веселый

plunge

отчужденный, равнодушный, надменный

aloof

ныряние, погружение