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The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

has not got a library devoted especially to it.

It would be hard to think of a subject which

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

Throughout Britain there are festivals and centres of artistic activity –

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

Among novelists of worldwide reputation are Graham Greene, Angus Wilson

among them the Edinburgh International Festival, the music festivals at Aldeburgh, Windsor and Cheltenham and opera at Glyndebourne.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

William Golding, Iris Murdoch and Muriel Spark.

In the Reading Room is a reference section of 30,000 volumes on

and, among younger artists, Richard Smith, Richard Hamilton, who painted the first "pop" picture.

In 1841 the London Library in St. James Square was founded –

open shelves and also the catalogues for the whole library.

British music owes much to the composer Benjamin Britten,

a library of about 600,000 volumes, mainly devoted to the humanities and fine arts.

Notable figures include sculptors Henry Moore and Anthony Caro, painters Francis Bacon and Graham Sutherland

whose influence has produced a new school of British opera.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

amongst the world's leaders.

Technologically, the UK is also

development of most major branches of science.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

development of most major branches of science.

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

this tradition of technical creativity.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

development of most major branches of science.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued this

and New Universities are catching up with Oxbridge.

In modern times, other institutions such as the Red Brick

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

He is also famous as the father of classical mechanics, formulated as his three laws and

as the co-inventor (with Gottfried Leibniz) of differential calculus.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

tradition of technical creativity.

Earlier contacts had occurred

declared its independence from the British Empire and became a state.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

During the 19th century, Russian and

American frontiers met in Alaska.

The relations between the two states are usually considered to have begun in 1776, when the United States

between Americans and Russians.

During the 19th century, Russian and

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

to the United States.

Russia had colonized

American frontiers met in Alaska.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Alaska.

Russia had colonized

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

to the United States.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Alaska.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

Russia had occupied

Manchuria at this time.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Qing Empire.

In 1900, Russia and America were

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Qing Empire.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

During the 19th century, Russian and

Alaska.

Russia had colonized

American frontiers met in Alaska.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

Earlier contacts had occurred

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

to the United States.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

between Americans and Russians.

In 1900, Russia and America were

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Qing Empire.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

to the United States.

During the 19th century, Russian and

Qing Empire.

Earlier contacts had occurred

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

between Americans and Russians.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

American frontiers met in Alaska.

Earlier contacts had occurred

Qing Empire.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

between Americans and Russians.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

The Russian Civil War started in 1918, and the Americans aided

allied with Russia in 1917.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

During World War I, the United States

the anti-communists forces, however, they failed and the Soviet Union was established in 1922.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

were for a brief period, allies.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

During World War II the two countries

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

During World War II the two countries

were for a brief period, allies.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

When the United States joined the war in December 1941, $11,000,000,000

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

and the Soviet Union led to the defeat of Nazi Germany.

The alliance of the United States, the United Kingdom,

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

in Lend Lease aid was allocated to the Soviet Union .

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

to the United States.

The end of World War II saw the resurfacing

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The expansion of S.U. influence into Eastern Europe following Germany's defeat worried the liberal democracies of the west,

of previous divisions between the two nations.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

particularly the United States, which had established virtual economic and political primacy in Western Europe.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

ending the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons.

The Soviet Union detonated its first atomic weapon in 1949,

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

were for a brief period, allies.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

During World War II the two countries

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

With its growing influence on Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union sought to counter this with the Comecon in 1949,

which essentially did the same thing, though was more an economic cooperation agreement instead of a clear plan to rebuild.

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

but have recently become more tense.

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

but have recently become more tense.

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

new Cold War" may be imminent.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

new Cold War" may be imminent.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

With the ending of Communism, relations

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

With the ending of Communism, relations

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

Public order and

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

In regard to international affairs,

stability deteriorated greatly.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

Russia largely stayed on the sidelines during this period.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

to establish ties with

вырождающийся; вырождаться, перерастать (into - во что-л.); ухудшаться

decadent

культурные связи

degenerate

декадентский, , упадочный

cultural contact

установить связь

to establish ties with

сильная связь, близкие отношения, тесный контакт

elitist

человек, принадлежащий к элите

close, intimate, strong ties

правящая элита

ruling elite

установить связь

dominance

господство; влияние; преобладание

uprising

падение, спад, упадок; конец

ruling elite

бунт, восстание, мятеж

decline

правящая элита

dominance ( in, over )

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

literary-minded city

запутывать, сбивать с толку

a patron

господство; влияние; преобладание

to confuse ( with )

покровитель, шеф; глава, заступник, руководитель

lending and reference

книги, выдаваемые на дом и справочники (справочная литература)

literary-minded city

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

fine arts

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

Guildhall

изобразительное искусство

disperse

показ, выставка

layout

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

Guildhall

метрополия (по отношению к колониям); отечество, отчизна, родина

mother country

разбрасывать

baffle

монастырь

curiosity shop

разбрасывать

disperse

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

cloister

антикварный магазин, «Лавка древностей» (по одноименному роману Диккенса)

aloof

ныряние, погружение

convivial

праздничный, веселый

plunge

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

baffle

отчужденный, равнодушный, надменный