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By the end of the sixteenth century it had become imperative

to try to check epidemics.

In 1601, therefore, the Poor Relief Act gave local government authorities in England and Wales

to find some substitute for the old system.

The earliest social welfare services in Britain were provided by various religious orders, augmented in medieval times by the manor houses and merchant and craft guilds,

the duty to provide from local taxation for the sick, the needy, and the homeless.

Local authorities also began to take some steps to control water supplies and

which assumed as part of their duties and responsibilities the care of the sick and the destitute.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

the number of qualified doctors greatly increased.

Medical science advanced and

insure against periods of illness by subscribing to provident and friendly societies and sick clubs.

Hospitals were built with private endowments and subscriptions and were made increasingly available on a charitable basis to the general population,

while free 'infirmaries' were provided under the Poor Law for the destitute, aged and infirm.

From the middle of the nineteenth century working people of modest means began increasingly to

British medical services developed.

Medical science advanced and

remit all or most of their fees to the poor.

Many public-spirited medical practitioners would at that time

the number of qualified doctors greatly increased.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

British medical services developed.

Public measures to promote healthier living conditions, however,

preceded adequate public provision for the care of the sick.

By the end of the sixteenth century it had become imperative

a comprehensive public health system under unified control and laid down minimum standards for its services.

Rapid growth of towns in the first half of the nineteenth century caused an intensification of

to find some substitute for the old system.

In 1601, therefore, the Poor Relief Act gave local government authorities in England and Wales

the duty to provide from local taxation for the sick, the needy, and the homeless.

A programme of sanitary reform, associated particularly with Edwin Chadwick led to the passage of the Public Health Act 1848 which established

sanitary problems with consequent cholera, typhoid and other epidemics.

This scheme came to cover most of the poorer half of the population while the rest were dependent for

who had asked to be on their list and been accepted.

The National Health Insurance Act 1911 introduced a scheme whereby all people earning wages less than £160 a year were entitled

their medical care either on paying fees as private patients.

In the twentieth century the provision for personal health services began

to the services of a general practitioner in return for regular contributions made by themselves and their employers to certain insurance organisations, known as approved societies.

The doctors who took part were paid a capitation fee for the patients

to improve rapidly as the result of the progress of medical knowledge and the wider availability of treatment.

At the same time the voluntary hospitals expanded their free services for the poor with the aid

of voluntary donations and contributions and the fees of other patients.

After 1929 the Poor Law Infirmaries began

to develop into local authority general hospitals.

The doctors who took part were paid a capitation fee for the patients

who had asked to be on their list and been accepted.

At the same time the voluntary hospitals expanded their free services for the poor with the aid

of voluntary donations and contributions and the fees of other patients.

Some local authorities began to provide improved social and health services,

were unevenly distributed and were seen to be inadequate.

These various health services, however,

mainly for schools, mothers and children.

These various health services, however,

the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters.

To deal with the war wounded, the Emergency Hospital Service, including both voluntary and municipal hospitals,

were unevenly distributed and were seen to be inadequate.

Proposals for a full health and medical service were the subject of many reports in the inter-war years; it was, however,

was developed within existing organisations as required.

These various health services, however,

the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters.

The welfare food service for mothers was introduced and

were unevenly distributed and were seen to be inadequate.

Proposals for a full health and medical service were the subject of many reports in the inter-war years; it was, however,

school meals services and industrial canteens were expanded.

It is difficult to judge exactly how healthy a nation is but there are various indicators such as

partly as a result of better housing and education, and a higher standard of living.

In general, compared with fifty years ago, the health of people in Britain has improved considerably,

how long people live and whether there are still many common serious infectious diseases.

However, not everybody enjoys a standard of health consistent with

living in one of the world’s top industrial nations.

Unemployment, poverty, poor housing and

bad diet are still major contributors to poor health.

Health and health care vary considerably from area to area and middle-class people tend

to enjoy better health than working-class people.

On the one hand, as people live in better conditions, eat better food and

take more exercise, health standards tend to rise and people live longer.

One worrying feature about health in Britain is that more people die of heart disease

and strokes (40 per cent of men and 38 per cent of women) than of any other group of diseases.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

take more exercise, health standards tend to rise and people live longer.

On the one hand, as people live in better conditions, eat better food and

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

Heart disease kills about 30,000 men

under the age of 65 every year.

One worrying feature about health in Britain is that more people die of heart disease

and strokes than of any other group of diseases.

Between 1972 and 1999 the percentage of male smokers fell from 52 to 28 per cent;

over the last ten years.

Most victims have a history of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, or smoking,

for women the figure fell from 42 to 26 per cent.

Rates in Britain are among the highest in the world and have increased

and attempts have been made to improve the British diet and to persuade people to stop smoking.

One worrying feature about health in Britain is that more people die of heart disease

and attempts have been made to improve the British diet and to persuade people to stop smoking.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

for women the figure fell from 42 to 26 per cent.

Most victims have a history of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, or smoking,

and strokes than of any other group of diseases.

Between 1972 and 1999 the percentage of male smokers fell from 52 to 28 per cent;

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

However, not everybody enjoys a standard of health consistent with

to enjoy better health than working-class people.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

living in one of the world’s top industrial nations.

Health and health care vary considerably from area to area and middle-class people tend

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

On the one hand, as people live in better conditions, eat better food and

take more exercise, health standards tend to rise and people live longer.

Efforts have been made to improve co-ordination between government departments

partly as a result of better housing and education, and a higher standard of living.

Rates in Britain are among the highest in the world and have increased

to influence the nation’s diet and to advise on food production and consumption.

In general, compared with fifty years ago, the health of people in Britain has improved considerably,

over the last ten years.

In many cases the benefits Americans receive from such sources exceed those

no one who has to do so can live comfortably.

Yet, the two images remain and those who have made it sometimes find it difficult

from the governmental programs available to everybody.

These people are forced to rely on the basic governmental programs and

or have never been able to, or who have remained unemployed for long periods.

Still, there are many individuals who have never worked,

to understand or remember the problems of those who haven't.

It is not a lack of awareness usually; rather,

are a world away from the sunny beaches of Southern California.

Yet, the two images remain and those who have made it sometimes find it difficult

to understand or remember the problems of those who haven't.

New York City's run-down tenements and the "white trash" of Appalachia, for example,

it has something to do with distance and size.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

in the United States are doing their best to help those in need.

As a result, in the AFDC program, designed to benefit children being raised in single-parent families,

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

Many hundreds of thousands of volunteers and charitable organizations

Alaska provides over six times as much assistance as does Alabama.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

Since the 1970s, a number of states have started so-called "workfare" programs

which require welfare recipients to work or to participate in job training programs.

Many hundreds of thousands of volunteers and charitable organizations

in the United States are doing their best to help those in need.

Some of the states' work-fare programs have

those without any money or insurance.

By law, health care is available to

in effect which try to place welfare recipients in public-service jobs.

In about half of the states, programs are

support and staff free health and dental clinics.

Universities and similar institutions also often

met with good success.

Most large universities sponsor free legal aid clinics that provide legal

and no one who has to do so can live comfortably.

These people are forced to rely on the basic governmental programs

assistance and advice for a token fee.

When employees strike, therefore, they often ask for "fringe" benefits,

better retirement payments, better or fuller medical care, and so on.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

New York City's run-down tenements and the "white trash" of Appalachia, for example,

are a world away from the sunny beaches of Southern California.

In many cases the benefits Americans receive from such sources exceed

those from the governmental programs available to everybody.

Some of the states' work-fare programs have

met with good success.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

are a world away from the sunny beaches of Southern California.

New York City's run-down tenements and the "white trash" of Appalachia, for example,

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

Still, there are many individuals who have never worked,

or have never been able to, or who have remained unemployed for long periods.

Since the 1970s, a number of states have started so-called "workfare" programs

which require welfare recipients to work or to participate in job training programs.

These people are forced to rely on the basic governmental programs and

no one who has to do so can live comfortably.

In many cases the benefits Americans receive from such sources exceed those

from the governmental programs available to everybody.

Many hundreds of thousands of volunteers and charitable organizations

in the United States are doing their best to help those in need.

Still, there are many individuals who have never worked,

or have never been able to, or who have remained unemployed for long periods.

Yet, the two images remain and those who have made it sometimes find it difficult

those without any money or insurance.

By law, health care is available to

support and staff free health and dental clinics.

Universities and similar institutions also often

to understand or remember the problems of those who haven't.

Doctors are always devising new cures

until a cure was found!

If only you could postpone death

for diseases that kill people

But suppose you are dying from

an incurable disease now.

Now some people are trying

to do just that.

Some people have denounced this

to preserve it until doctors find a cure for his disease.

There is also a gloomy fear that the world is already overcrowded and

unique experiment with a torrent of angry words.

One young man consented to having his body frozen and placed in a massive capsule in order

that people have to die to make room for those who are about to be born.

They resent human attempts to

molest the natural order of life and death.

But suppose you are dying from

an incurable disease now.

If the experiment works,

unforeseen problems undoubtedly will arise.

If only you could postpone death

molest the natural order of life and death.

They resent human attempts to

unique experiment with a torrent of angry words.

Some people have denounced this

until a cure was found!

They were the same as

he found that the system of abbreviations was familiar to him.

When he looked at the charts,

to study the latest methods.

A famous American doctor came to England

doctors used in the United States.

He understood them all except for

some charts marked GOK.

He decided to consult a British

to understand this GOK?" he asked.

"That's what we use when

colleague about it.

"I see you have quite

we don't know the diagnosis."

"How can I suppose

an epidemic of it!

"I see you have quite

an epidemic of it!

He decided to consult a British

we don't know the diagnosis."

It means God

Only Knows."

"That's what we use when

colleague about it.

On Monday John came home in the evening

looking pale and tired.

He had tried taking a couple of aspirins

about ten o'clock in the morning.

He told Mother that

but they had not had any effect.

First of all he had had a headache since

he had felt terrible all day.

He didn't want to do anything -

all he wanted to do was to go to bed, and this he did.

Mother felt his forehead - it felt hot

as if he had got a temperature.

He had also had a cough for several days

feeling as bad as this.

He couldn't remember

and now his chest felt painful.

She couldn't remember that she had ever seen

so she went into the kitchen and made him a warm drink.

John's breathing was heavy and his face

him looking as ill as this.

She thought he had caught flu,

him but John was asleep.

When it was ready, she brought it in to

was flushed.

She remembered that he had forgotten to take his overcoat with him that morning

asked him to call at the flat.

Mother rang up the doctor and

was no better.

The next morning John

although the weather had been cold and windy.

And he had had a cold ever since

New Year's Eve.

When he took it out, he exclaimed,

his thermometer under John's tongue.

The first thing the doctor did was to stick

"You've got quite a temperature there."

It was Dr Dixon,

the local G. P.

At a quarter past twelve there was

a ring at the doorbell.

Finally he said,

go into hospital.

Dr Dixon produced his stethoscope from

"I'm afraid you might be suffering from pneumonia."

You'd better

the local G. P.

It was Dr Dixon,

his bag and started listening to John's breathing.