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In 1066 the Normans,

to make homes for themselves in the new land across the ocean.

They had decided

a people who came from the north of France, conquered England.

They need not have

written the composition.

As the years passed,

the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons formed the English people.

The American colonies grew bigger and bigger, they prospered,

more European settlers came and more colonies were formed.

As their settlements were called "colonies",

but they were for a long time ruled by England, and all the riches of the new country belonged to England.

Soon more and

reached the shores of the new land.

After a stormy voyage across the Atlantic, their small ship, the "Mayflower",

the people were called "colonists".

George Washington (1732-1799) who had led the Americans in the war,

became the first President.

There were many wars between England and Scotland until 1707,

no king but would have a President, who was to be chosen every four years.

The leaders of the new state decided they would form a republic which would have

Wales.

In the 15th century it conquered

when England and Scotland were united under one king, and became a powerful state.

Hollywood is a district within the city of Los Angeles, California, U.S.,

Beverly Boulevard (south), the foothills of Santa Monica Mountains (north), and Beverly Hills (west).

Since the early 1900s, when movie-making pioneers found in southern California an ideal blend of mild climate, much sunshine, varied terrain, and a large labour market,

whose name is synonymous with the American motion-picture industry.

An adobe was the first house built on the site near Los Angeles, which was then a small city in the new state of California, Hollywood was laid out as a real-estate subdivision in 1887 by Horace Wilcox,

a prohibitionist from Kansas who envisioned a community based on his sober religious principles.

Lying northwest of downtown Los Angeles, it is bounded by Hyperion Avenue and Riverside Drive (east),

the image of Hollywood as the fabricator of tinseled cinematic dreams has become worldwide.

After World War II, film studios began to move outside Hollywood; and location filming around the world emptied

20th Century-Fox, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, Columbia, Warner Brothers, and others.

For more than three decades, from the silent screen through the advent of the talking picture, such men as D.W. Griffith, Goldwyn, Adolph Zukor and others served as overlords of the great film studios –

many of the famous lots and sound stages or turned them over to television show producers.

With the advent of television,

Hollywood began to alter its functions.

Among the writers who were fascinated with Hollywood in its "golden age" were the novelists

F. Scott Fitzgerald, Aldous Huxley, Evelyn Waugh, and Nathanael West.

After World War II, film studios began to move outside Hollywood; and location filming around the world emptied

Beverly Hills and Bel Air.

Many stars, past and present, live in neighbouring communities such as

Hollywood began to alter its functions.

With the advent of television,

much of American network television entertainment.

By the early 1960s it had become the source of

many of the famous lots and sound stages or turned them over to television show producers.

For over 50 years, American movies have continued to grow in

Beverly Hills and Bel Air.

By the early 1960s it had become the source of

for better or for worse.

Generations have grown up watching American films (and viewing America through them!),

much of American network television entertainment.

Many stars, past and present, live in neighbouring communities such as

popularity throughout the world.

Television has only increased

Star Wars receive the most attention.

The great blockbusters of film entertainment that stretch from Gone with the Wind to

this popularity.

What most national television systems across the globe have in common is the large proportion of

Americans films they choose to run.

In many cases, these American films, old or new, are shown

more often than are the homegrown variety.

Exceptions to this rule include foreign-language films,

chosen by the members of the corresponding branch; thus, writers nominate writers, directors nominate directors, and so forth.

Only members of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences may

which are submitted by their country of origin and need not have been shown in the United States.

Documentaries and short films have different eligibility requirements and are officially submitted by their producers,

nominate and vote for candidates for the Oscars.

The academy is divided into various branches of film production, and the nominees in each award category are

whereas music awards require the musical artist to file a submission form.

The true origin of the nickname has

where the ancestors of many Americans lived before moving West.

Many of the towns and villages, churches, covered bridges, weathered farms and barns date back to the 17th century,

never been determined.

Vermont is a mostly

who declared that the statuette looked like her Uncle Oscar.

The name has also been attributed to academy librarian Margaret Herrick,

rural state.

It was established in 1968, with a boundary change in 1978,

the park also features 40 miles (64 km) of scenic Pacific coastline.

Preserving virgin (old-growth) groves of ancient redwood trees, including the world's tallest tree,

the northwestern corner of California, U.S.

It covers an area of 172 square miles (445 square km)–of which more than one-third is old-growth forest –

and was designated a World Heritage site in 1980.

Redwood National Park is in

and includes land held in three state parks: Jedediah Smith Redwoods, Del Norte Coast Redwoods, and Prairie Creek Redwoods.

It covers an area of 172 square miles (445 square km)–of which more than one-third is old-growth forest –

the park also features 40 miles (64 km) of scenic Pacific coastline.

Preserving virgin (old-growth) groves of ancient redwood trees, including the world's tallest tree,

south past the mouth of the Klamath River to the environs of the town of Orick.

Sea lions and harbour seals live offshore; bald eagles, doubled-crested cormorants,

and endangered California brown pelicans glide above the ocean beaches and sea cliffs.

The national park (and state parks) stretch along the California coast from Crescent City, headquarters of the national park,

and includes land held in three state parks: Jedediah Smith Redwoods, Del Norte Coast Redwoods, and Prairie Creek Redwoods.

Other wildlife includes coyotes,

bobcats, blacktail deer, chipmunks, and squirrels.

In 1963 a redwood called “Tall Tree,” located on Redwood Creek in Tall Trees Grove in the southern section of the park,

was measured at 112.1 metres tall (although its top broke off later) and had a diameter of 4 metres.

The coast redwood, which is found in the park, is fast-growing and among the longest-lived species on earth

is the most commonly seen wild mammal.

Although there are black bears in the park, the Roosevelt elk

(living an average of 600 years); it is also the tallest of the world's trees.

Work began in 1927 under Gutzon Borglum and was finished in 1941,

after six and a half years of actual work.

The four heads, each about 60 ft high, represent, respectively,

of the South Dakota State Historical Society, was dedicated in 1925.

The memorial, first suggested by Jonah Robinson

the nation's founding, political philosophy, preservation, and expansion and conservation.

The federal government

paid most of the costs.

The city is called after the first President of the United States,

General George Washington.

Work began in 1927 under Gutzon Borglum and was finished in 1941,

paid most of the costs.

Washington is the capital of

after six and a half years of actual work.

The federal government

the United States of America.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

During World War II the two countries

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

were for a brief period, allies.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

During the Grand Embassy of Peter I in 1697-1698,

between England and Russia until 1698.

He returned to England and was sent back to Russia in 1555,

the same year the Muscovy Company was established.

The Kingdom of England and Tsardom of Russia established relations in 1553,

Czar Peter I of Russia visited Britain for three months.

The Muscovy Company held a monopoly over trade

when English navigator Richard Chancellor arrived in Archangelsk.

The outbreak of the French Revolution and its attendant wars temporarily united constitutionalist Britain

the two empires found themselves as sometime allies and sometime enemies.

During the series of general European wars of the eighteenth century,

after Czar Peter I brought Russia into European affairs and declared himself an emperor.

The two states fought on the same side during War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748),

but on opposite sides during Seven Years' War (1756–1763).

The Kingdom of Great Britain and later the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland had increasingly important ties with the Russian Empire,

and autocratic Russia in an ideological alliance against French republicanism.

The two countries fought each other during the Anglo-Russian War (1807-1812),

which was a secret project of a planned allied Russo-French expedition against the British dominions in India.

That led to the never-executed Indian March of Paul,

after which Britain and Russia became allies against Napoleon in the Napoleonic Wars.

Britain and Russian attempted to halt the French

but the failure of their joint invasion of the Netherlands in 1799 precipitated a change in attitudes.

Britain occupied Malta, while the Emperor Paul I of Russia

was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.

The Eastern Question and the fate of the Ottoman Empire became of interest to both countries,

during the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901).

Rivalry between Britain and Russia developed over Central Asia in the Great Game of the late nineteenth century,

and they both intervened in the Greek War of Independence, eventually forcing the London peace treaty on the belligerents.

There was cooperation in Asia, however, as the two countries intervened in China

as Russia desired warm-water ports on the Indian Ocean while Britain wanted to prevent Russian troops from gaining a potential invasion route to India.

The issues surrounding the Ottomans were not resolved, however,

and lead to the Crimean War (1853-1856) fought by Britain, France, and the Ottomans against Russia.

That led to the never-executed Indian March of Paul,

made both countries part of the Triple Entente.

Britain occupied Malta, while the Emperor Paul I of Russia

was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.

Both countries were then part of the subsequent alliance

which was a secret project of a planned allied Russo-French expedition against the British dominions in India.

Anglo-Russian Entente and the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907

against the Central Powers in the First World War.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

signed the Munich Agreement with Nazi Germany.

In 1938 a few Western countries, including Britain,

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War.

After the Russian Revolution, Britain sent troops to Russia in the failed

and the Second World War were tense.

Relations between then

recognised the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on February 1, 1924.

The Soviet felt excluded from Western consideration and vulnerable to possible hostilities by the West or Germany,

and in response the USSR signed the Nazi-Soviet pact.

This complicated relations with Britain as the British leadership was sympathetic to Finland in her war against the USSR

Germany's annexation of part of Czechoslovakia.

The USSR thereafter became one of the Allies of World War II

along with Britain, fighting against the Axis Powers.

The USSR opposed to the pact and refused to recognize

(the Winter War), yet could not afford to alienate the Soviets while war with Germany loomed.

British prime minister Churchill said

typified by spying and other covert activities.

Relations were generally tense during the ensuing Cold War,

in Iran from falling into Axis hands.

Arctic convoys transported supplies between Britain

that the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe was like 'an iron curtain'.

The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran secured the oil fields

and the USSR during the war.

After the collapse of the USSR, relations between Britain

in contrast with the detente policy of the 1970s, although relations became warmer after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985.

In the 21st century, however, while trade and human ties have proliferated, diplomatic ties have suffered due

which was operating in England in until 1963.

British prime minister Margaret Thatcher pursued a strong anti-communist policy in concert with Ronald Reagan during the 1980s,

and the new Russian Federation were initially warm.

Soviet spies were later discovered in Britain, such as Kim Philby and the Cambridge Five spy ring,

to allegations of spying, and extradition disputes.

My love of nature goes right back to my childhood,

sea anemones and starfish.

I became keen very quickly, and learned how to develop and print;

I trained as a scientist and therefore my way of expressing myself is very different.

Unlike many of the wildlife photographers of the time,

obviously I didn't have much money in those days.

I went off to take my first pictures of

to the times when I stayed on my grandparents' farm in Suffolk.

Their bright colors actually provide good camouflage in the dappled light

about six birds.

In addition to fruit, Toco toucans

of the rain forest canopy.

Toco toucans live in small flocks of

eat insects and, sometimes, young birds, eggs, or lizards.

They usually have two to four eggs each year,

to supply demand for this trade.

However, the birds commonly keep up a racket of vocalization,

it grows as they develop and does not become full size for several months.

Young toucans do not have a large bill at birth–

which suggests that they are not trying to remain hidden.

These iconic birds are very popular pets, and many are captured

which both parents care for.

Females are believed to choose

are peacocks.

Technically, only males

they are called peafowl.

Females are peahens, and together,

their mates according to the size, color, and quality of these outrageous feather trains.

The term "peacock" is commonly used

to refer to birds of both sexes.

The blue peacock lives in India and Sri Lanka, while the green peacock is found

inhabits African rain forests.

A more distinct and little-known species, the Congo peacock,

peacock species.

Peacocks are ground-feeders that eat insects,

in Java and Myanmar (Burma).

There are two familiar

plants, and small creatures.

Their bright colors actually provide good camouflage in the dappled light

their weight, and also to skin their pickings.

However, the birds commonly keep up a racket of vocalization,

which suggests that they are not trying to remain hidden.

The birds use them to reach fruit on branches that are too small to support

as a feeding tool.

But the toucan's bill is useful

of the rain forest canopy.

Winter cold comes back when spring seems already to be here,

as the days get shorter they may last throughout the day.

The weather changes with the change

of the seasons.

At other times strong winds bring stormy weather

with heavy rain and gales.

At first they melt in the warmth of the early morning sun but

or warm fine summer days return in mid-October (Indian summer) gilding the autumn leaves.

Without it novels of Victorian London, of the adventures of Sherlock Holmes

really surprising.

The moods of British weather are

so common that the general climate is very mild.

It is true there is a lot of rain in London but the constant dense pea-soup fog

would lose much of their charm.

On the whole the warm moist winds off the warm waters of the North Atlantic Drift are

belongs more to fiction than to fact.

These various health services, however,

the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters.

To deal with the war wounded, the Emergency Hospital Service, including both voluntary and municipal hospitals,

mainly for schools, mothers and children.

Some local authorities began to provide improved social and health services,

was developed within existing organisations as required.

Proposals for a full health and medical service were the subject of many reports in the inter-war years; it was, however,

were unevenly distributed and were seen to be inadequate.

Unemployment, poverty, poor housing and

to enjoy better health than working-class people.

However, not everybody enjoys a standard of health consistent with

living in one of the world’s top industrial nations.

Health and health care vary considerably from area to area and middle-class people tend

bad diet are still major contributors to poor health.

On the one hand, as people live in better conditions, eat better food and

take more exercise, health standards tend to rise and people live longer.

These days, the groom often wears

something borrowed and something blue.

The vicar blesses the wedding ring

and places it on the third finger of the bride’s left hand.

For luck, she wears something old, something new,

help with the flowers and dress.

The bridesmaids and page boy

a ring too.

If the vehicles are few we say that the traffic

to pay fare.

When we travel on buses (trams, etc.) we have

is light.

If there are many cars, buses and trolley-buses in the town we say

that the traffic is heavy.

It's 20 roubles and

it doesn't depend on the distance you go.

Take a snap of the famous Hollywood sign before heading to Anaheim, home of DISNEYLAND's action-packed

combines all the best bits in a sun-filled, fun-filled frenzy!

California is the USA's coolest state and this fantastic multi-centre break

CALIFORNIA ADVENTURE PARK and original DISNEYLAND Park.

Finally it's down to family-friendly San Diego,

seeing your favourite star's handprints at Grauman's Chinese Theatre will thrill you more?

Hollywood's Universal Studios is full of heart-thumping roller coasters, or perhaps

America's sunniest city with its miles of stunning coastline.

This southern California city, just 10 miles from the Mexican border has

famous for its perfect climate and beautiful beaches.

There are other equally thrilling rides within

driving distance including Knott's Berry Farm, Knott's Soak City Orange County and LEGOLAND California.

Fly in to Los Angeles airport, collect your car and make the journey to Hollywood to spend

a wonderful resort atmosphere.

Enjoy 5 nights of rest and relaxation in San Diego,

your first 3 nights in the film-making capital of the world!

It's no wonder that this city is consistently voted the world's best by visitors, as well as

driving distance including Knott's Berry Farm, Knott's Soak City Orange County and LEGOLAND California.

There are other equally thrilling rides within

is dominated by the Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge.

Attractions include SeaWorld San Diego and

the world-famous San Diego Zoo.

Australia's oldest city is built around a series of natural inlets and beaches culminating in Sydney Cove, which

the one people would most like to go to!

Overlooking the harbour is the historic Rocks area - Sydney's birthplace,

exciting restaurant scenes.

Just down from here is Circular Quay where you can take the ferry to

the Art Deco Museum of Contemporary Art and the brilliant Powerhouse Museum.

Sydney is also home to one of the world's most

its narrow streets packed with attractive colonial buildings, restaurants, bars and upmarket shops.

When it comes to the arts, Sydney is second to none. Be sure to check out

various beaches and the excellent Taronga Zoo.

With all this, plus more than 300 sunshine days a year, it's clear that

Sydney is the city with everything.

Australia's oldest city is built around a series of natural inlets and beaches culminating in Sydney Cove, which

exploring it!

It's no wonder that this city is consistently voted the world's best by visitors, as well as

the one people would most like to go to!

Enjoy

is dominated by the Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge.

The British have some very rigid codes of

doing the wrong things soon find themselves rejected.

Individuals who do not do the right things and do not avoid

behaviour, notably the public-school code.

For example, it is part of the Englishman’s code not to intrude upon

his neighbours and their way of doing things.

They have their lives

to live in their own way, and he has his.

M.A. (Master of Arts)

бакалавр (естественных) наук

M.Sc. (Master of Science)

магистр гуманитарных наук

BSc (Bachelor of Science)

магистр (естественных) наук

branch of the government

верховная власть

supreme authority

законодательный орган

in the name of the monarch

ветвь правительства

law-making body

от имени монарха

in the name of the monarch

от имени монарха

intermingle

смешивать

distinguishable

отличительный

branch of the government

ветвь правительства

turtle

истреблять, уничтожать

tortoise

флора и фауна

flora and fauna

черепаха (морская)

to annihilate

черепаха (сухопутная)

to annihilate

подлесок, подлесье

tortoise

черепаха (сухопутная)

undergrowth

берлога, логово, нора

den

истреблять, уничтожать

reptile

рвануться, кинуться, мчаться стрелой

tadpole

коготь (ястреба и т. п.)

pounce

пресмыкающееся, рептилия

to dart

головастик