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While sometimes confused, the terms "approach", "method"

related to second language acquisition theory

An approach is a set of correlative assumptions about the nature of language

and language learning, but does not involve procedure or provide any details about how such assumptions should translate into the classroom setting

Such can be

and "technique" are hierarchical concepts

The grammar translation method instructs students

now acknowledge that this method is ineffective by itself

Most instructors

in grammar, and provides vocabulary with direct translations to memorize

It was the predominant method

in Europe in the 19th century

It was the predominant method

now acknowledge that this method is ineffective by itself

Most instructors

in Europe in the 19th century

It is now most commonly used in the traditional instruction of the

classical languages, however it remains the most commonly practiced method of English teaching in Japan

While sometimes confused, the terms "approach", "method"

now acknowledge that this method is ineffective by itself

It is now most commonly used in the traditional instruction of the

and "technique" are hierarchical concepts

Most instructors

classical languages, however it remains the most commonly practiced method of English teaching in Japan

The structural view treats language as a system

or accomplish a certain function, such as requesting something

The functional view sees language as a vehicle to express

of structurally related elements to code meaning (e.g. grammar)

An approach is a set of correlative assumptions about the nature of language

and language learning, but does not involve procedure or provide any details about how such assumptions should translate into the classroom setting

It is now most commonly used in the traditional instruction of the

it possible to all the students to correctly express their opinion, to understand the remarks which are addressed to them and to analyze the texts which they read

At school, the teaching of grammar consists of a process of training in the rules of a language which must make

which are the vocabulary, grammar and the orthography, to be able to read, understand and write texts in various contexts

The objective is that by the time they leave college, the pupil controls the tools of the language

classical languages, however it remains the most commonly practiced method of English teaching in Japan

The teaching of grammar examines texts, and develops awareness that language constitutes

and the syntactic mechanisms, going from simplest to the most complex

The exercises according to the program of the course must untiringly

a system which can be analyzed

This knowledge is acquired gradually, by traversing the facts of language

be practiced to allow the assimilation of the rules stated in the course

It was the predominant method

which are the vocabulary, grammar and the orthography, to be able to read, understand and write texts in various contexts

The objective is that by the time they leave college, the pupil controls the tools of the language

in Europe in the 19th century

While sometimes confused, the terms "approach", "method"

and "technique" are hierarchical concepts

The structural view treats language as a system

of structurally related elements to code meaning (e.g. grammar)

This knowledge is acquired gradually, by traversing the facts of language

be practiced to allow the assimilation of the rules stated in the course

The exercises according to the program of the course must untiringly

and the syntactic mechanisms, going from simplest to the most complex

That supposes

the language by comparing his results

The pupil can follow his progress in practicing

and control little by little the internal logic of the syntactic system

Thus can he adapt the grammatical rules

that the teacher corrects the exercises

The grammatical analysis of sentences constitutes

the objective of the teaching of grammar at the school

Thus can he adapt the grammatical rules

the language by comparing his results

The pupil can follow his progress in practicing

and control little by little the internal logic of the syntactic system

The grammatical analysis of sentences constitutes

and control little by little the internal logic of the syntactic system

Its practice makes it possible to recognize a text

as a coherent whole and conditions the training of a foreign language

Thus can he adapt the grammatical rules

the objective of the teaching of grammar at the school

Grammatical terminology

the objective of the teaching of grammar at the school

The grammatical analysis of sentences constitutes

as a coherent whole and conditions the training of a foreign language

Its practice makes it possible to recognize a text

serves this objective

Its practice makes it possible to recognize a text

as a coherent whole and conditions the training of a foreign language

Grammatical terminology

serves this objective

Grammar makes it possible for each one to understand

how the mother tongue functions, in order to give him the capacity to communicate its thought

This first version of the method was originally

to add insights from behaviorist psychology to the structural linguistics and constructive analysis already being used

The audio-lingual method truly began to take shape near the end of the 1950s, this time

due government pressure resulting from the space race

Courses and techniques were redesigned

called the oral method, the aural-oral method or the structural approach

The audio-lingual method truly began to take shape near the end of the 1950s, this time

due government pressure resulting from the space race

Courses and techniques were redesigned

to add insights from behaviorist psychology to the structural linguistics and constructive analysis already being used

The grammatical analysis of sentences constitutes

the objective of the teaching of grammar at the school

The idea is that

emphasizes the use of the target language at all times

Under this method, students listen to or view recordings

by reinforcing 'correct' behaviors, students will make them into habits

Students practice with a variety of drills, and the instructor

of language models acting in situations

Students practice with a variety of drills, and the instructor

by reinforcing 'correct' behaviors, students will make them into habits

Grammar makes it possible for each one to understand

emphasizes the use of the target language at all times

The idea is that

how the mother tongue functions, in order to give him the capacity to communicate its thought

Similar programs were created later at Georgetown University, University of Texas among others

based on the methods and techniques used by the military

The U.S. Army Specialized Training Program only lasted a few years, but it

Institute at the University of Michigan, to train English as a second or foreign language teachers

Charles Fries set up the first English Language

gained a lot of attention from the popular press and the academic community

Charles Fries set up the first English Language

based on the methods and techniques used by the military

The developing method had much in common with the British

oral approach although the two developed independently

Similar programs were created later at Georgetown University, University of Texas among others

Institute at the University of Michigan, to train English as a second or foreign language teachers

Grammatical terminology

how the mother tongue functions, in order to give him the capacity to communicate its thought

The audio-lingual method was developed in the USA around World War II when governments realized that

they needed more people who could conduct conversations fluently in a variety of languages, work as interpreters, code-room assistants, and translators

Grammar makes it possible for each one to understand

serves this objective

The main difference was the developing audio-lingual methods allegiance to structural linguistics, focusing on grammar

they needed more people who could conduct conversations fluently in a variety of languages, work as interpreters, code-room assistants, and translators

The audio-lingual method was developed in the USA around World War II when governments realized that

how the mother tongue functions, in order to give him the capacity to communicate its thought

Grammar makes it possible for each one to understand

and contrastive analysis to find differences between the student's native language and the target language in order to prepare specific materials to address potential problems

The main difference was the developing audio-lingual methods allegiance to structural linguistics, focusing on grammar

and contrastive analysis to find differences between the student's native language and the target language in order to prepare specific materials to address potential problems

The audio-lingual method was developed in the USA around World War II when governments realized that

they needed more people who could conduct conversations fluently in a variety of languages, work as interpreters, code-room assistants, and translators

However, since foreign language instruction in that country was heavily focused on reading instruction,

no textbooks, other materials or courses existed at the time, so new methods and materials had to be devised

However, since foreign language instruction in that country was heavily focused on reading instruction,

and contrastive analysis to find differences between the student's native language and the target language in order to prepare specific materials to address potential problems

The main difference was the developing audio-lingual methods allegiance to structural linguistics, focusing on grammar

and other linguists devised for Native American languages, where students interacted intensively with native speakers and a linguist in guided conversations designed to decode its basic grammar and learn the vocabulary

For example, the U.S. Army Specialized Training Program created intensive programs based on the techniques Leonard Bloomfield

no textbooks, other materials or courses existed at the time, so new methods and materials had to be devised

For example, the U.S. Army Specialized Training Program created intensive programs based on the techniques Leonard Bloomfield

based on the methods and techniques used by the military

However, since foreign language instruction in that country was heavily focused on reading instruction,

and other linguists devised for Native American languages, where students interacted intensively with native speakers and a linguist in guided conversations designed to decode its basic grammar and learn the vocabulary

Similar programs were created later at Georgetown University, University of Texas among others

no textbooks, other materials or courses existed at the time, so new methods and materials had to be devised

For example, the U.S. Army Specialized Training Program created intensive programs based on the techniques Leonard Bloomfield

and motivated learners

These materials strongly emphasized

drill as a way to avoid or eliminate these problems

This "informant method" had great success with its small class sizes

and other linguists devised for Native American languages, where students interacted intensively with native speakers and a linguist in guided conversations designed to decode its basic grammar and learn the vocabulary

At the same time, we

in mind students' needs and interests

Teachers should select role plays that

need a role play that interests the students

To begin with, choose a situation for a role play, keeping

will give the students an opportunity to practice what they have learned

At the same time, we

will give the students an opportunity to practice what they have learned

Teachers should select role plays that

to let the students choose the situation themselves

One way to make sure your role play is interesting is

need a role play that interests the students

One way to make sure your role play is interesting is

need a role play that interests the students

At the same time, we

or select a topic from a list of given situations

They might either suggest themes that intrigue them

to let the students choose the situation themselves

To find a situation for a role play, write down situations you encounter in your own life, or

to let the students choose the situation themselves

They might either suggest themes that intrigue them

read a book or watch a movie, because their scenes can provide many different role play situations

One way to make sure your role play is interesting is

or select a topic from a list of given situations

To find a situation for a role play, write down situations you encounter in your own life, or

read a book or watch a movie, because their scenes can provide many different role play situations

Students' level of language proficiency

or select a topic from a list of given situations

They might either suggest themes that intrigue them

should be taken into consideration

After choosing a context for a role play, the next step is

should be taken into consideration

If you feel that your role play requires more profound linguistic competence

than the students possess, it would probably be better to simplify it or to leave it until appropriate

Students' level of language proficiency

to come up with ideas on how this situation may develop

Students' level of language proficiency

than the students possess, it would probably be better to simplify it or to leave it until appropriate

If you feel that your role play requires more profound linguistic competence

with problems or conflicts in them work very well because they motivate the characters to talk

On low intermediate and more advanced levels, role plays

should be taken into consideration

For example, in a role play situation at the market

with problems or conflicts in them work very well because they motivate the characters to talk

If you feel that your role play requires more profound linguistic competence

than the students possess, it would probably be better to simplify it or to leave it until appropriate

On low intermediate and more advanced levels, role plays

the participants have conflicting role information

One way to make sure your role play is interesting is

than the students possess, it would probably be better to simplify it or to leave it until appropriate

If you feel that your role play requires more profound linguistic competence

to let the students choose the situation themselves

One or two students have their lists of things to buy while another two or three students are salespeople

who don't have anything the first group needs, but can offer slightly or absolutely different things

The higher the level of students the more difficult it is to prefigure accurately

to introduce any new vocabulary before the role play

It is recommended

what language students will need, but some prediction is possible anyway

Once you have selected a suitable role play, predict

the language needed for it

It is recommended

what language students will need, but some prediction is possible anyway

The higher the level of students the more difficult it is to prefigure accurately

almost completely predictable

At the beginning level, the language needed is

to introduce any new vocabulary before the role play

At the beginning level, you might want to elicit the development

of the role play scenario from your students and then enrich it

The teacher asks questions, such as, 'In this situation what will you say to the salesperson?',

'What will the salesperson say?' and writes what the students dictate on the right side of the board

For example, the situation of

the role play is returning an item of clothing back to the store

It is recommended

to introduce any new vocabulary before the role play

The teacher asks questions, such as, 'In this situation what will you say to the salesperson?'

the role play is returning an item of clothing back to the store

For example, the situation of

'What will the salesperson say?' and writes what the students dictate on the right side of the board

When this is done, on the left side of the board the instructor writes down useful expressions, asking

'What will the salesperson say?' and writes what the students dictate on the right side of the board

The teacher asks questions, such as, 'In this situation what will you say to the salesperson?'

to introduce any new vocabulary before the role play

It is recommended

the students, 'Can the customer say it in another way?', 'What else can the salesperson say?'

When this is done, on the left side of the board the instructor writes down useful expressions, asking

more confident acting out a role play

This way of introducing new vocabulary makes the students

to introduce any new vocabulary before the role play

It is recommended

the students, 'Can the customer say it in another way?', 'What else can the salesperson say?'

There can be one

or several role play groups

If the teacher runs out of roles, he/she can assign

one role to two students, in which one speaks secret thoughts of the other

If the whole class represents one role play group, it is necessary to keep some minor roles

which can be taken away if there are less people in class than expected

If the whole class represents one role play group, it is necessary to keep some minor roles

which can be taken away if there are less people in class than expected

If the teacher runs out of roles, he/she can assign

and the personalities of the students should be taken into consideration

With several role play groups, when deciding on their composition, both the abilities

one role to two students, in which one speaks secret thoughts of the other

If the teacher runs out of roles, he/she can assign

one role to two students, in which one speaks secret thoughts of the other

For example, a group consisting only of the shyest students

will not be a success

With several role play groups, when deciding on their composition, both the abilities

and the personalities of the students should be taken into consideration

For example, a group consisting only of the shyest students

will not be a success

With several role play groups, when deciding on their composition, both the abilities

letting the students work in one group with their friends

Very often, optimum interaction can be reached by

and the personalities of the students should be taken into consideration

For example, a group consisting only of the shyest students

will not be a success

Very often, optimum interaction can be reached by

of the teacher is to be as unobtrusive as possible

Whether taking any part in the role play or not, the role

letting the students work in one group with their friends

Whether taking any part in the role play or not, the role

of the teacher is to be as unobtrusive as possible

Very often, optimum interaction can be reached by

for students' errors making notes

He or she is listening

letting the students work in one group with their friends

English isn’t a subject like maths or science

with feedback for further practice and revision

Mistakes noted during the role play will provide the teacher

which can be learnt through formulae

For this reason, teachers should be

aware of the fact that they are not teaching just grammar, but a language

He or she is listening

of the teacher is to be as unobtrusive as possible

Whether taking any part in the role play or not, the role

for students' errors making notes

Mistakes noted during the role play will provide the teacher

with feedback for further practice and revision

For this reason, teachers should be

won’t be any effective learning there

If it is the teacher who always talks in a classroom, there

which can be learnt through formulae

English isn’t a subject like maths or science

aware of the fact that they are not teaching just grammar, but a language